Sociology - 5053 Words

Possible sociology questions January 2012 Item 2A Sociologists analyse the domestic division of labour in many different ways. Parsons describes the division of labour in the traditional nuclear family in terms of an expressive role and an instrumental role. However, this traditional arrangement may have changed as families have changed, and many feminists use the term ‘dual burden’ to describe the woman’s role in the family today. Item 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feminists argue that social policies assume that the ideal family is†¦show more content†¦For example, it benefits family members by offering mutual support and emotional satisfaction. (a) Explain the difference between the ‘birth rate’ and the ‘fertility rate’ (Item 2A). (4 marks) (b) Suggest two reasons why women might delay having children (Item 2A). (4 marks) (c) Suggest two ways in which the position of children could be said to have improved over the last one hundred years. (4 marks) (d) Examine the ways in which government policies and laws may affect the nature and extent of family diversity. (24 marks) (e) Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere assess the Marxist view that the main role of the family is to serve the interests of capitalism. (24 marks) January 2011 Item 2A In addition to changes in the birth rate and the death rate, the other factor contributing to the size of the population is net migration. The search for employment is an important reason for migration. This was particularly true for those who came to the United Kingdom from the Caribbean in the 1950s. Immigration has created greater ethnic diversity in the population and contributed to family diversity. Item 2B ‘March of progress’ sociologists suggest that the modern family has become more child-centred than in the past. Each individual child is seen as important. Parents spend a great deal of time and money making sure that their children enjoys a comfortable upbringing. They want their children to have opportunities that they themselves never had. Critics of thisShow MoreRelatedSocial, Sociology, And Sociology857 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals who need that extra support. Social work as a subject area includes elements of psychology, law and sociology. Social policy is the study of various areas of policy, within political or governmental setting, and is concerned with everything from the welfare state, to social services. Social policy is an academic study of theory, rather than current policies and draws from psychology, sociology, philosophy, and economics. What A Levels do I need? Each university will ask for varying grades and tariffRead MoreSociology : The Function Of Sociology951 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Observation Essay Sociology is the study of development and functioning of humans in society, in other words how a person reacts in a certain situation. Although hard to understand, sociology has many important points that add into the development of someones personality, values, religion, education, etc. As Pierre Bourdieu once said â€Å"The function of sociology, as of every science, is to reveal that which is hidden.† In this case, the social group that I had studied for 24 hours had manyRead MoreThe Basic Tools Of Sociology And Sociology1034 Words   |  5 PagesArgument: In this piece, Weber outlines the basic tools of sociology and distinguishes sociology as a social science. Weber’s main message in this piece is that that social sciences should be equivalent to natural sciences, and in order to do so, laws should be made within the field. Secondly, he wanted to bring history and sociology together with causal relationships, in doing so he would also analyze the individual’s social action. He mentions that action is only social when it is oriented to theRead MoreSociology1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of sociology had been recognized by independent philosophers since the dawn of organized civilization. Philosophers such as Confucius and Xenophanes in their works had hinted at the clash of cultures and social hierarchy. Later, in the 14th century, Arab scholars such as Al Jahiz and Ibn Khalduns compliled books on the history of society itself. These works are known to be forerunners of sociology. In fact, books written by Ibn K haldun on social cohesion and conflict were translatedRead MoreSociology1447 Words   |  6 Pagescome to be called the labour process approach. †¢ Context for Braverman: ⠝‘ Braverman associated with Monthly Review journal – founded in 1949 by Paul Sweezy and Leo Huberman. An influential journal but little impact on American sociology. Best known product of this school is Baran and Sweezy’s Monopoly Capital (1966). Indeed, Braverman’s analysis of work is predicated theoretically upon Baran and Sweezy’s analysis of ‘Monopoly Capital’ [ie oligopolistic, ‘organized’ capitalism. Read MoreSociology1681 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctionalism) of social class .Following this, it will look at the changes of social class. Finally, it will discuss weather the class of Britain will be dead. Theories of social class There are three basic theories which can explain social class in the sociology history. Marxism was established by Karl Marx(1813-1883).Marx explained that a social class is a group of people who have common relationship to the means of production. For Marx (2008:26), society was characterizes by two social groups: bourgeoisieRead MoreSociology1711 Words   |  7 Pagestake away from this is that you don’t shape reality, culture shapes you and how you view reality. For people who don’t know what sociology is or had no idea what it was before entering the class as I did myself, it can be simply described as a study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. A way of understanding sociology can be done through your own sociological imagination. It would be a tool that provides many important perspectives on the worldRead MoreSociology : Sociology And Sociological Thinking978 Words   |  4 PagesSociology and sociological thinking are a vital part of society, and through examining both society and individuals, sociology is able to make changes to areas such as policies, and attitudes that may have usually negatively affected them, and instead gained a positive result through the careful research, and applied knowledge. Sociology is the study of groups and individuals and the cause and effects of each, to each other, and overall society. ‘Sociology is a technical and difficult subject andRead MoreSociology And The Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1710 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is seen every day in our lives as humans, it is the scientific study of human behavior and society. The idea of sociology has not been around forever. The term sociology comes from a man named Auguste Comte who takes credit for this study. Not only did Comte come up with this idea but there were several things that influenced the study of Sociology and how we view it today. These influences are called the origins of sociology and they include; new idea or discipline, Industrial RevolutionRead MoreSociology : Social Science And Sociology1386 Words   |  6 Pagesto the history of sociology, it was the nineteenth century that sociology emerged, with the word ‘ sociology ’ appeared in the Cours de ph ilosophie Positive Book 4[ Auguste Comte,1838 Cours de philosophie Positive] by Comte in 1838. The social forces, however, were complicated actually, which included both social, economical, cultural and even a little bit of political or religious elements. This essay explains these factors in the following part. 2.1 Social Science and Sociology The philosophes

The Role Of Criminology And The Future Of Criminology

Abstract Over the last several years criminologist have considered theory integration important for the future of criminology due to the flourishment of crimes in society. Researchers have begun to study crime and the punishments associated with specific crimes that do not include trust crimes such as fraud, workplace theft or income tax invasion. However, they are studying an array of criminal behaviors that involve illicit and illegal behaviors in an effort to establish how important integrated theory will affect the future of criminology. First, integrated theory must connect with society and current issues and linking them to the research. Introduction Criminologist consider theory integration important for the future of criminology due to the flourishment of crimes in society and theories make a different. Because criminal behavior is so sporadic and unpredictable theory integrated is needed to get a better understanding of why criminal behaviors occur. Due to the diversity of what causes crime, not every crime can be analyzed with just one specific theory. Therefore the need for theory integration is needed. This essay will attempt to explain the importance of theory integration in criminology for a better future on handling criminal activity. History of Theories Historically, most criminological theories have focused on relatively specific factors or processes that are suggested to explain either criminal behavior or the distribution of crime (Krohn Eassey,Show MoreRelated The American Society Of Criminology Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Society Of Criminology â€Å"AHHHHhhhhh!† I let out a girlish scream and squirmed as shivers went strait up my spine. I was glued to the latest episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a show that I have watched religiously since its debut. Criminology is something that has always fascinated me, and is a career that I hope to pursue in the future as an FBI agent. I frequently surf the web looking for short stories to read about different criminal cases and to find informationRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Theory Integration1050 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent theories is that decreases repetition where two theories are relaying the same message with different opinions. Another advantage is that integration brings consistency to theories Future of Theory Integration Theory integration requires goals in order to make an impact on the future of criminology. According to Muftic (2009), the first goal of integration is theory reduction. Reducing the number of theories that basically explain the same behavior reduces the competition amongst researchersRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800’s and the early 1900’s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). If you committed a crime you could be beaten, hanged, tortured or if you stole somethingRead MoreFuture of Criminology1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe future of Criminology etc. Criminology is, as John Lea (1998) points out, not so much a discipline as a field, its distinctiveness is not its knowledge base but the form of its focus: theories of crime, criminal law and the relation between the two - in this it is a sub-category of the sociology of deviance. It can, and never should be, conceived of as a separate discipline, its categories and processes are social constructs, they have no separate ontological reality. It cannot, thereforeRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesJustice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and Criminology are twoRead MoreThe Various Theories of Criminology 1276 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology is defined as an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior including their forms, causes, legal aspects, and control. There are many aspects in the field of criminology. These aspects include the areas of research involved, the criminology schools of thought, theoretical developments and the people involved in creating and developing the theories. What role do criminologists play in the field of criminology? The term criminologistRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Criminology and Sociology: Criminology is concerned with examining the complex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. To do this criminology primarily aims to achieve answers as to why crime occurs; who is committing said crimes and how society as a whole will respond to crime with regards to policy changes and its place in the media (Australian Institute of Criminology: 2015). Sociology is the scientific study of human social interactions in a societal contextRead MoreGender and Crime Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly used to describe the innate biological characteristics of humans constituting their femaleness or maleness. Gender on the other hand, covers the social characteristics and usages associated with one sex or the other. Since such roles and customs can vary and be modified it follows that masculine and feminine the terms applied to the respective genders are much more flexible than female and male. In order to cover the subject of gender and crime it is important to Read MorePunishment Vs Classical Criminology1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferently. While some have adopted very cruel, inhumane, and creative ways of punishment, others have chosen a relatively fair system of justice. Nevertheless, each system has had and served its purpose in fulfilling a given role in the society they are established. The classical criminology as envisioned by Bentham and Beccaria in the 1700’s and 1800’s has been the foundation upon which the modern criminal system is based on. While very many changes have been made to it, its core principles have remainedRead MoreQualitative vs. Quantitative Research742 Words   |  3 Pageshypothesis, to examine cause and effect, and to make predictions (Xavier). Qualitative research is used to identify patters, themes and certain features while quantitative research tends towards identifying statistical relationships (Xavier). As to the rol e of the researcher in qualitative research, his or her biases †¦may be known to participants in the study and the characteristics of the participants may be known to the researcher; in quantitative research the researcher and his or her biases †¦are

Was Socrates Wise About God Essay Example For Students

Was Socrates Wise About God? Essay Mary GarofaloFr. MohrOctober 18, 2000Socratess Wisdom of GodIn this paper I will attempt to define, for the reader, the true meaning of wisdom and all of its parts. I will try to explain knowledge and the knower versus the known. I will also, attempt to explain exactly how a person comes to be considered wise, as Socrates was. So, in truth, explain the Socratic method. Hopefully, by the time the reader has finished this paper, he/she will have a good grasp on my own opinion of Socrates and also, have a grasp on the definition of wisdom and how it applies to Socrates. I will accomplish theses tasks by using the works of Plato, the Apology, the Crito and the Phaedo, in hopes to prove my point. What is wisdom? The literal meaning, or etymology of the word is rooted in the Indo-European words such as weid, woid, wid meaning, to see. The etymology of wisdom also can be seen in the verb wit from German, which means, to know (Mohr, 3). So, the etymology is too see and to know. This is the definition I will expand on. Wisdom is a type of seeing. Seeing means that the seer and the object being seen are united. This union of the seer or knower and the known or seen is Knowledge. Knowledge can be in relation to virtually anything where there is a union of the knower and the known. One can be the knower of Biology and he knows about life. He has knowledge about life. One can know psychology and have knowledge about the human psyche. But my question is, are the Biologist and the Psychologist really wise Or do they only have one type of knowledge on one select subject? Take this analogy for example. A person may have a complete understanding of how to ride a bicycle. They know all of the laws and the mechanics and the physics of the entire concept of riding a bike. But they have never tried to ride it; to experience it (class notes). Do they have wisdom of how to ride a bicycle?I believe wisdom is knowledge, most definitely. But, it is not that simple. I believe that in order for one to be considered wise, one must have more than one type of knowledge, such as the person who knows how riding a bike works. That is what is called theoretical knowledge. There are two types of knowledge. Theoretical knowledge is the knowledge of how the fundamental laws of a situation (such as riding a bicycle) work. There is also a second type of knowledge. That is practical knowledge. Practical knowledge by definition is, a knowledge of how to do something or life experience (for example, being able to physically ride a bicycle). So, again I ask, what is wisdom? Well, one part of my own definition is that wisdom is knowledge of the practical as well as the theoretical. It is life experience as well as being able to understand and appreciate the laws and mechanics or fundamentals of a situation. Another aspect I believe is essential to wisdom is the ability to constantly question ones surroundings. I believe that it is absolutely essential for one to first doubt, then question, then communicate ones thought. In this method, it is the main objective to constantly search for the truth in every situation. The last aspect that I believe is necessary to embody wisdom is a little more difficult to explain. It has to do with the statements above, as in the constant quest for truth. To legitimately be on a quest for truth one must do the following: First, question themselves. By doing this, they will have the ability to know themselves. In order for one to know him/herself, one must have knowledge of Gods existence and ever-presence. By knowing ones self and by knowing God, one will have a conscience, which will be the element of good judgment, decion making and puri ty of motives. .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed , .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .postImageUrl , .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed , .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:hover , .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:visited , .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:active { border:0!important; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:active , .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u39830f96d88aaadd5a74479de1e973ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Outsiders EssayNow, the initial question that has been argued for ages, was Socrates wise As I had stated previously, to be wise is to know ones self, to know god through questioning, thus questioning the truth. In the Apology, Socrates does just that. His friend Cherephon went to the Oracle at Delphi to find out if there was a man wiser than Socrates. The sacred oracles answer to this was that no man was wiser than Socrates. To this statement, Socrates was in disbelief. He said that he did not understand how this was possible, claiming that he was not wise because he knew nothing except that he knew nothing (Apology, 22e-23b). He went out to prove that the men most consid er wise were truly wiser than himself. He questions three types of presumably wise men: a poet, a craftsman and a politician. To each of these men, he found they had knowledge of their specific area, flowery writing, building things, and persuasive speech (Apology, 22a-c). But he found no worldly truths with in them. Therefore, they had only one type of knowledge, either practical or theoretical, yet not both. Therefore, he concluded that they are not wise. So he proved the oracle correct. If Socrates was wise, he must have known God. If the oracle was true, he was wise. Than all of his knowledge and wisdom was from God. Therefore, he believed that he is inspired by God. Because he knew god and knew himself, the combination of the two were his conscience. His conscience told him not to take part in political affairs of the state. He believed that god does not want him to. He was on a mission from God. Therefore, he was being obedient to the God. (Apology, 31c-32e). Also, Socrates said he did not get paid for any of his philosophies. It was for the good of the soul only. He did not do it for money of to achieve greater social status (Mohr, p.11). He believed that stopping his mission from God, meaning not to practice philosophy, would be real proof that he was an aetheist, because he would be going against gods plan for him. Also, Socratess actions show that he was completely wise about god in his view of his own pending death. Socrates had the opportunity to appeal to the emotions of the jury by bringing in his wife and children. He chose not to do this. He believed that it was not in Gods plan for him to live. Therefore he did not try to cheat death. If he fears death than he pretends to know what he does not know in assuming death is evil. If he fears death he disobeys God, stops his quest for the truth and stops loving, for God is love. He also faced death will no fear. Because if he does not fear death than he would be able to obey God, continue quest and continue to philosophize (class notes). He also does not pretend to know what death is like because he said, it is known to no one, except God (Apology, 42a). In the Crito, Socratess close friend tried to convince him to save himself and escape from jail. Socrates said that he will not escape from prison, even if he is held there as an innocent person. He said, Neither to do wrong or return a wrong is ever, not even to injure in return for injury received (Mohr, pg. 13). Therefore, he refused to save himself. Even though Crito appealed to Socratess emotions, by saying he needs to be there for his sons, also that Crito himself will lose a very dear friend. But, this argument is to no avail. Socrates believed that he was put here on the earth for a reason, a mission from God. He believed that he must complete his mission. And by fearing death, and escaping from prison, he would not be fulfilling his mission. .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a , .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .postImageUrl , .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a , .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:hover , .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:visited , .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:active { border:0!important; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:active , .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4f8101339b4df66383d390512a3669a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jack London's To Build a Fire: Theme EssayIn the Phaedo, Socrates attempted to explain to his friends why he was not afraid of death. He said that to fear death is pretending to know what you do not know. In doing this he showed his avid belief and wisdom of Gods plan for him. His friends reminded him of Cebes argument. Socrates responded to Cebes argument that it is wrong to take ones own life because we are possessions of the god by saying that it would be entirely evil for him to resent death if he was not sure that God wanted him to die, so that he could go to a place where wiser, better men are in a wiser better place (Phaedo, 63a-c). And he said he believed that he w as not dying in vain or that he was just committing suicide. He was dying so that he could continue philosophizing. He was dying for communication, love, knowing god and knowing himself and others. He called philosophy the practice of death. And that is exactly what it is. So, in conclusion, Socrates is wise about God. His actions proved that is so. He would not differ from Gods plan from him in trying to save his own life. He knew that he was Gods gift and it was not in Gods plan for him to continue to live in this world. He would have eternal life in God. There he would be able to be in complete union with God, therefore, he was called to complete wisdom. For being wise is knowing God, knowing ones self, knowing LOVE and others. It was his turn to know love forever with God. He communicated his questions and thinking, therefore practicing Philosophy. He was truly wise. Philosophy Essays

Business Value Samsung and Apple Inc

Question: Disucss about the Business Value for Samsung and Apple Inc. Answer: Introduction: Apple Inc is a multinational technology company, headquartered in US. This company designs, produces and sells electronic consumer products worldwide. Despite generating highest revenue among the software companies, Apple Inc has faced several social issues in business operation. China is an emerging market in Asian zone. Apple faced social issues in China for different reasons. Despite including labour and human rights and empowerment of workers in the CSR values, Apple faced problem from the labor union. It has been found that the company has violated 86 labor rights including unsatisfactory labor conditions, environmental pollution. In addition to this, labours were paid less by apple (Lee, 2014). Samsung is a company belonging to the same industry. Starting business from Korea, the company has become a leading company in the electronics industry. Strong business and corporate level strategy, product innovation are the success factors for the growth of the company. Samsung has put continuous effort to maintain social responsibilities and given priority to the stakeholders value. Apple and Samsung, both dominate the smart phone industry in present decades. The industry is oligopoly in nature. There are few companies in this industry globally, who hold large amount of market share. Some of them are market leaders and some of them are followers in nature. As described by Wiggers (2016), this industry is turning to become duopoly from oligopoly as Samsung and Apple together enjoys lions share in this industry. During second fiscal quarter, Apple made 38% profit margin in smart phone and Samsung made 30% profit margin. Other competitors in the market are Microsoft, HTC, Lenovo and Blackberry. Differences in approaches and explanations for differences The corporate social responsibility report of Apple Inc published in 2016 states that Apple Inc tries to give respect and value to everyone associated with the supply chain management. This company works hard to make the work place better. Yearly review is done to make sure this progress. However, the Apple Inc has experienced several challenges in business process regarding health and safety violation in the work place, violation of human rights, uncontrolled working hours, and age discrimination during recruitment. Lee (2014) stated that during 2014, Apple Inc faced issues regarding labour and environment in China. The company was accused of violating labour right organization in China, China labour Watch. This was not direct fault of Apple Inc. Auditor group of Apple found that a manufacturing firm Foxconn, which had contract with Apple, was violating the labour policy of China. Moreover, Apple is also accused with industrial pollution in this country. China Labour Watch also found that three factories of Pegatron, which manufactures equipments of Apple computers and iPhones, use child labour under 18 (Myers, 2013). Those child labours perform same task as adults. Child labours are exploited in terms of low wage, non-payment of wage or not receiving payment on time. These issues violate child rights and hence, have impact on business. Exploitation of labour reduces wage cost and increases revenue (Cornelissen, 2014). However, in order to hold market share, price of electronics goods manufactured by Apple has been reduced after 2014. In order to address those challenges, Apple Inc does an audit, which is supported by third party expert. As stated by Duhigg Barboza (2012) the steps undertaken to mitigate those issues are review of payroll documents of workers, physical assessment of health and safety conditions at workplace, inspection of environmental condition inside and outside the manufacturing factories. Apple has adopted new CSR policy in the form of green energy in business, to regain its brand value in Chinese market. On the other hand Samsung maintains high ethical standards and commitment in business and lawful activities. Samsung has a compliance management system for system review and eliminating unlawful activities. This system addresses issues on human rights, health and safety at workplace and environment (Torelli, Monga Kaikati, 2012). Samsung has a helpdesk within Compliance management system, where an employee can ask anything regarding work and relevant laws and regulation. As employees can directly let the management know about their issues, Samsung Company can immediately take decision on how to address those issues. Reasons of the differences The case study of Samsung has been taken for Australia and that of Apple Inc is China. South Korea is the country origin of Samsung and America is the country origin of Apple. While operating in different countries, both the companies have to face challenges regarding business culture, social norms, business laws and regulations. Any difference in the culture of home and foreign countries creates problem in business operation as highlighted in this case study. There are differences in cultural and social norms. As stated by Sullivan Goh (2016), number of middle income group population are more in China compared to rich and poor income group. Diversity in the income group is seen in China rather than Australia. Social mobility of resources is high in Australia. Moreover, social norms are rigid in China than Australia. Social mobility is restricted in China, which are reflected in the business organisations. It can be inferred that doing business in Australia is easier in comparison t o China. As discussed by Epstein Buhovac (2014), a foreign firm has to face challenges in China in the form of administrative and bureaucracy, communication gap, human resource management and business culture. Language becomes a barrier for effective communication in business organisation in China. It is a probable cause of human resource management problem faced by Apple Inc in this country. China is a prospective market for business. Wage rate has been increased by China government to make the labour market competitive. Therefore, low wage provision in the manufacturing unit and longer working hour violate the labour laws and regulations. Internal communication culture is relatively clear in the Australian business environment. Therefore, managers of Samsung can communicate effectively with their employees to resolve any conflicts in the company. Samsung has been able to align its business model in Australia same as it apply in South Korea. Moreover, business model followed by Apple in China is not compatible with the business environment of the country. Business culture and the way of business communication in China and America are different. This is the reason that Apple Inc faces challenges in China. Samsung has not faced human resource problem in Australia as the business culture has suited with the socio-cultural environment of that country. Social accounting approach of both companies The social accounting approach by Zadek talks about the fact that a corporate organization needs keep a check on the social issue of the society that they are working (Zadek, Evans Pruzan, 2013). According to Zadek et al. (1997), an organisation needs to consider eight social accounting principles such as inclusivity, comparability, completeness, evolution, management policies and systems, disclosure, external verification and continuous improvement. A third party organisation has been engaged to monitor childrens progress. Approach of Apple Corporate governance policy of Apple is aggressive. The manufacturing companies associated with Apple engage workers for more than standard hour of works with less payment. Therefore, labour policy of Apple has been criticised for several times. Hence, Apple Inc. has mentioned in the CSR report that the company has taken steps to bring fair employment and safe working conditions in the supply chain. The labour and human right section of the CSR report highlights that the company takes important steps to stop child labour in the organisation (Cornelissen, 2014). This organisation compels the manufacturer and suppliers to return the children at home and to pay for their education. The third party organisation physically evaluates health and safety conditions inside and outside of the organisation. The third party auditor reviews the corrective action plan after every 120 days (apple.com, 2016). Approach of Samsung Inclusiveness is reported in both the companies as corporate social responsibilities. Samsung has reported that integrity management, talent development, workplace environment are core value of their business. The society section of the CSR report includes a comprehensive business environment, which links suppliers, distribution network and customers (samsung.com, 2015). Samsung management reviews the long term cooperative relationship with stakeholders. This company evaluates the opinion of stakeholders through stakeholders forum, survey and onsite visit (Torelli, Monga Kaikati, 2012). The company uses different communication channels for different stakeholders. Communication channel for the suppliers are supplier dialogue fair and informal meeting with them. Communication channel with media is Media day. Samsung gives value to their employees and their problems. There is a counselling centre in the company, which addresses various issues in the organisation and takes opinion regarding improvement of the situation. Organisations plan, vision and strategies are communicated with the employees through Samsung Live and news letter. Online discussion forum is a platform provided by the organisation, which gives opportunity to the employees to communicate directly with the higher authority (samsung.com, 2015). Direct communication helps to resolve critical issues with less complication. This kind of communication improves the relationship between employees and the executives (Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, 2014). Fleming (2012) depicted that commitment of the employees towards organisation becomes stronger, which positively acts for the growth of the organisation. Relationship among the co-workers improves also through this method. The outcome of the discussion forum comes out in the following way in Samsung Company. Firstly, collective intelligence officers recruited by Samsung review the issues and opinion suggested by employees of each business division (Freundlieb, M., Teuteberg, 2013). The team makes a design of strategies to implement the suggestions given by employees in compliance with the business objectives. Employee survey report of 2014-15 shows that this company has adopted 31.6% of employee ideas in business strategy (samsung.com, 2015). Samsung emphasises to fulfil SMART targets for continuous improvement of organisation behaviour, employee benefits and for improvement of workplace environment. Its compliance program includes compliance management system and prevention of unlawful activities within or outside the organisation. In order to manage safety of workplace and product environment, the company has taken green management integration system (Maon et al., 2012). It can be said from the above analysis that problem solving approach and social accounting approach is better in Samsung compared to Apple. Engagement with social aspects and stakeholders is more acceptable than that of Apple Inc. Reflection of social reports on stated values- Social report of Samsung reflects that the company is passionate to create a sustainable and better future. Protection of environment and enabling social development are principle policies of CSR of this company. The vision of the company is to extend business beyond profit generation and maximisation of stakeholders value. The CSR report has three sections such as people, society and environment (samsung.com, 2015). Talent development is core value of the organisation. Continuous change in management process is considered for the survival of the business. Samsung follows some basic principles that are reflected in the CSR report, which are obeying laws and ethical standard of the operating country, respecting customers, shareholders and employees. Balance of eco system is basic criteria for sustainability of business in the competitive industry. The social report of Apple Inc is publishes as supplier report. The 2016 report depicts that the company takes initiatives to address the challenges faced in China in terms of bonded labour, employment of under aged labour and extending labour hour with less payment. The supplier report published by Apple reflects four sections such as accountability, labour and human rights, empowering workers and environmental safety issues (apple.com, 2016). The last section of the CSR report presents audit report. Empowerment of employees through promoting education, standard of living and protecting human rights are organisational goal of Apple Inc. The company wants to engage with industry partners, governments, NGOs in order to make supply chain stronger for the growth of the organisation. However, the original activities and controversies do not reflect true stated value written in the CSR report. The supplier responsibilities report states that the company does not support unethical activities, which violates regulations, social norms. The actual scenario is otherwise. Along with use of child labour, this technology firm has been also accused for violation of company rule and patent related issues. Further the CSR report shows that Apple Inc has decided to take plausible actions against the unsocial and unethical activities within organisation and its manufacturing units. After 2014-15, this company has failed mitigate child labour use in production process. 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