Postnatal Depression and Social Exclusion

billetnatal Depression and Social ExclusionAn leavenStructural Requirements The essay must include What send offnatal depression isWhat is Post Natal Depression?Postnatal depression is a discrete clinical entity which come outs to ware a fare of different aetiological factors. It does not appear to be greatly influenced by geography (Affonso et al 2000), or finish (Oates et al, 2004). A typical rate for detection of postpartum depression is quoted as about 13% of postnatal women (OHara et al 1996). It classically arises during the first terce months post partum entirely the spread of onset is wide. (Cooper Murray 1995)One of the prime factors is considered to be the sudden postnatal drop in progester ane levels in the post partum twenty-four hour periods. (Nappi et al 2001) The placenta is responsible for the vast majority of circulating progesterone during pregnancy and its delivery is effectively responsible for the precipitate drop in levels post partum. in that resp ect may also be other link hormonal changes including the fluctuations in prolactin levels (Hendrick et al 1998) and falling oestrogen and cortisol levels. (Halari et al. 2004)Symptoms can initially include irritability, tearfulness, insomnia, hypochondriasis, headache and impairment of concentration. There is a maximal incidence of these symptoms on about the fifth post partum day and these can progress to frank depressive symptoms over a variable period. (Ramsay et al 1995). There are various tools that can be used to bar the degree of depression and these include the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale,(Cox et al 1987), The beer mug scale for maternity blues, (Stein 1980) and the Beck depression rating inventorying. (Beck et al 1961).The key issues that excise the wellness and well being of people who are described as vulnerable(in this case have postnatal depression)Key issues affecting vulnerable patientsThere have been a number of studies that look at the effectiveness of word of postnatal depression. One of the most recent publications (Dennis 2005) provides a meta-analysis of the factors which influence the termination in the condition. The author concluded that the only strategy that was shown to have a clear preventative effect was intensive post-partum clog up from the wellnesscare sea captains intricate in the case. Curiously, this was found to be much effective than similar regimes which include an ante-natal component as well.The morbidity associated with postnatal depression has a number of potential consequences not only for the give, but also the child and the residuum of the family as well. (Oakley et al 1996)One of the most significant is the fact that one episode of postnatal depression is the greatest predictor (or risk factor) for other episode after subsequent pregnancies. The children are likely to have difficulties because of accomplishable problems with bonding and the mothers possible negative perceptions of the behav iour of the children. (Cooper Murray 1997) almost studies have shown that mothers with postnatal depression have derived beneficial help from genial have a bun in the oven during pregnancy. (Ray et al 2000). It would therefore appear that the key issues in this sphere are identification of the predictive factors that make postnatal depression more likely and because the provision of prompt supportive measures if those factors are established.Resources at local, regional national level that offer support to people with postnatal depression (my local area is hull, east york )Local resources for supportaside from the more traditional resources of the first healthcare team of the General consecrate the Midwife and the Health Visitor, some centres have tried experiments with postnatal support worker provision (To the client I dont fill in if this is relevant to your area. If it is, you may wish to enlarge on this) (Morrell 2000). This particular development found that the pati ents found an utmost level of satisfaction with the service but no more so than with the services provided by the rest of the primary healthcare team. Analysis of the results showed that the postnatal support worker helped to achieve high levels of breast feeding, but had little impact on the severity or frequency of postnatal depression.One significant factor that was found, however, was that support from a partner was a significant positive factor in preventing thoroughgoing(a) postnatal depression.Must identify and reflect on appropriate converse strategies when working with vulnerable peopleCommunication strategiesSeveral recent studies have shown that healthcare professionals often fail to spot the signs of postnatal depression. (Bick et al 1995). fashioning the diagnosis is obviously the prerequisite of establishing a treatment regime so it is clearly vital for all healthcare professionals to be on their hold in for warning signs sleep disturbance, irritability, mood s wings and irrationality. (Ramsay et al 1995)Reflection and reflective work out is a vital part of effective nursing. (Gibbs 1998) . Each healthcare professional should ideally reflect upon their management of each individual case to influence whether they were communicating optimally with the patient and that they were fully receptive to all that was on the patients agenda. Communication is a two-way modality.Bulman (et al.2004) points to the need to understand, at a deeper level, just what it is the message that the patient is taking away from whatever interaction. Communication is therefore vital in the strategy to empower and make the vulnerable patient.Must identify the role of the midwife / health visitor and other health and friendly care professionals in the promotion of social inclusionRole of midwife and Health VisitorThe new mother is often at the centre of an emotional rollercoaster. The sudden culmination of club months of expectation results ( frequently) in a fl urry of support from healthcare professionals and family, which then rapidly evaporates and the mother is left to deal with the new situation which is frequently stressful. (Kitzman et al 1997)The midwife can obviously help by preparing the groundwork in the antenatal period and offering support in the neighboring(a) postnatal period. (Dennis 2005). The health visitor is probably better placed to be aware of any developing warning signals that postnatal depression is developing, as they are likely to be in contact with the patient during the high risk period. (Cooper Murray 1995).It has been suggested that encouragement of the mother to attend the health visitor clinic rather than to have home visits is a positive way of encourage social inclusion. (Seeley et al 1996)Studies which have looked at the cost-effectiveness of using community postnatal support service workers have shown no benefit over the more traditional midwife and Health Visitor support. (Morrell et al 2000)Refere ncesAffonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ. 2000An international memorise exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology.J Psychosom Res 200049 207-16.Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Baugh J. 1961An inventory for measuring depression.Arch Gen psychopathology 19614561-71.Bick D, MacArthur C. 1995The extent, severity and effect of health problems after childbirth.Br J Midwifery 1995 3 27-31Bulman Schultz 2004Reflective behave in NursingThe Growth of the Professional Practitioner Third var.Edited By CHRIS BULMAN, School of Health Care, Oxford Brookes University SUE SCHUTZ, Oxford Brookes University 2004Cooper Murra 1995 movement and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic conceptThe British ledger of psychiatry 166 191-195 (1995)Cooper P, Murray L. 1997Prediction, detection, and treatment of postnatal depression.Arch Dis Child 199777 97-9Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. 1987Detection of post-natal depression. Develo pment of the 10-item Edinburgh post-natal depression scale.Br J Psychiatry 1987150782-6.Dennis C-L. 2005 Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression systematic retread BMJ, Jul 2005 331 15.Gibbs, G (1998) study by doing A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1998Halari, V. Kumari, R. Mehrotra, M. Wheeler, M. Hines, and T. Sharma 2004The Relationship of Sex Hormones and Cortisol with Cognitive functioning in SchizophreniaJ Psychopharmacol, September 1, 2004 18(3) 366 374.Hendrick, L. L. Altshuler, and R. Suri 1998Hormonal Changes in the postnatal and Implications for Postpartum DepressionPsychosomatics, April 1, 1998 39(2) 93 101Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR, Hanks C, Cole R, Tatelbaum R, et al. L 1997Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childishness injuries, and repeated childbearing.JAMA 1997 278 644-652Nappi, F. Petraglia, S. Luisi, F. Polatti, C. F arina, and A. R. Genazzani 2001Serum Allopregnanolone in Women With Postpartum BluesObstet. Gynecol., January 1, 2001 97(1) 77 80.Oakley A, love bite D, Rajan L. 1996Social support in pregnancy does it have long-term cause?J Reprod Infant Psychol 1996 14 7-22.Oates MR, Cox JL, Neema S, Asten P, Glangeaud-Freudenthal N, Figueiredo B, et al. 2004Postnatal depression crossways countries and cultures a qualitative study.Br J Psychiatry Suppl 200446 s10-6.OHara M, fellow A. 1996Rates and risk of postpartum depressiona meta-analysis.Int Rev Psychiatry 19968 37-54.Ramsay. R and T. Fahy 1995Recent Advances PsychiatryBMJ, July 15, 1995 311(6998) 167 170.Ray KL, Hodnett ED. 2000Caregiver support for postpartum depression. In Cochrane Collaboration,ed. Cochrane Library. Issue 1.Oxford Update Software, 2000.Seeley S, Murray L, Cooper PJ. 1996The outcome for mothers and babies of health visitor intervention.Health Visitor 199669135-138.Stein GS. 1980The pattern of psychical change and bod y weight in the first post partum week.J Psychosom Res 1980241165-71.PDG.Word count 1,665